Potuguese India 1888/1937 Share Certificate for the village of Sarzora, Salsette

Description

The
Comunidades
of
Goa
were a form of land association developed in Goa,
India
, where land-ownership was collectively held, but controlled by the male descendants of those who claimed to be the founders of the village, who in turn mostly belonged to upper caste groups.
[1]
Documented by the
Portuguese
as of 1526, it was the predominant form of landholding in Goa prior to 1961.
[2]
[3]
In form, it is similar to many other rural agricultural peoples' form of landholding,
[4]
such as that of pre-Spanish Bolivia
[5]
and the
Puebloan peoples
now in the
Southwestern United States
,
[6]
identified by
Karl Marx
as the dualism of rural communities: the existence of collective land ownership together with private production on the land.
[7]
Members of the comunidades were called
gaonkars
, or
zonnkars
(in Portuguese,
jonoeiros
). The former were the members of the village, the latter were entitled to
zonn
, or
jono
, which is a dividend paid by the comunidade to
gaunkars
and
accionistas
, the holders of
acções
(sing.
acção
), or shares. The system applied equally to agricultural land and to village housing.
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